January 26, 2025 • 29 mins
Dr. JONAS OLOFSSON, author of THE FORGOTTEN SENSE tells us of the things your nose does and how it both protect your health and help diagnose some illnesses early. Then Andrea Kline-Tilford with the National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners gives tips to keep kids and adults safe from RSV.
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Speaker 1 (00:01):
It's considered by some as the forgotten sense, your sense
of smell. This is Viewpoint Alabama on the Alabama Radio
Network and I'm John Mounts and today I have an
eye opening of perhaps i should say knows opening conversation
about your sense of smell. And joining me now is
Jonas Olfsen, a professor of psychology at Stockholm University, where
he directs the Sensory Cognitive Interaction Lab. He conducted research
(00:24):
at New York University of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Scripts
Research Institute, and he recently wrote The Forgotten Sense The
New Sense of Smell. Jonas, Welcome to Viewpoint.
Speaker 2 (00:34):
Thanks so much for having me.
Speaker 1 (00:35):
All right, Jonas, right out of the gate. Why have
you dedicated so much of your career to the study
of the science behind smell.
Speaker 3 (00:43):
Yeah, it started when I was in college and I
was working at a nursing home actually, and I was
working with people with dementia, and I learned that the
censor smell could be an early marker to actually give
a sign that the CIA is.
Speaker 2 (01:02):
Coming forward in the brain.
Speaker 3 (01:04):
And that people might get a dimension diagnosis. So that's
why I started doing this research. To begin with, I
wanted to help diagnose people at an early stage by
studying their sense of smell, and that's been an ongoing
theme in my work for the last twenty years. But
the sense of smell is fascinating in so many ways,
(01:26):
so I have sort of expanded my view of this
sense and there are so many different features and so
much is happening in the field. So it's a really
exciting research field that has to do with our relationship
to food, our relationship to other people, our emotional well being.
There's fascinating links to the brain and dementia. Like I said,
(01:49):
there's just so much stuff going on when it comes
to the sense of smell, and people are often quite
unaware of it.
Speaker 2 (01:55):
So I think that's really really.
Speaker 3 (01:58):
Important to talk more about, especially after the pandemic when
so many people lost their sense of smell.
Speaker 1 (02:04):
That's what I was going to bring up is that
was the last time I remember sense of smell being
coming up as a dignostic thing, because I had it
was one of the earlier variants of COVID. I went
through that when and I lost my sense of smell
for about a day. And it's interesting because you don't
realize you don't realize you don't have it until it's gone.
It's so often it's I guess overlooked. But it does
(02:24):
change the way you live life, doesn't it.
Speaker 2 (02:27):
Yeah, yeah, exactly.
Speaker 3 (02:28):
And many people describe it as they don't feel immersed
in reality anymore. They feel like they're watching the world
kind of go by on a screen or something like that.
They don't feel like they are really fully part of
the world, and that's why a lot of them become depressed.
So that's one of the one of the risks of
losing your sense of smell is that you have a
(02:49):
higher risk of getting depressed, and that's a really serious issue.
So the sense of smell kind of makes us feel
more alive, but we don't really realize it if we
don't think about it.
Speaker 1 (03:01):
And that's one of those things that your sense of
smell is also tied to your sense of taste. So
if you lose your ability to smell, you also lose
in large part your ability to taste, right.
Speaker 2 (03:13):
Yeah, that's right.
Speaker 3 (03:14):
It's actually the way it works is that when we
have food and drinks in our in our mouths.
Speaker 2 (03:20):
We uh this These aromas go up.
Speaker 3 (03:24):
To the nasal cavity through our throats basically and out
through the nose. So this is called retro nasal smelling.
But we don't think of it as being a smell.
We think of it as being a taste, but it's
actually a smell.
Speaker 2 (03:38):
So when we talk about tastes, that's really.
Speaker 3 (03:42):
The smells we are talking about most of the time.
So that's maybe one of the reasons why the sense
of smell is undervalued.
Speaker 2 (03:51):
We talk about tastes since that.
Speaker 1 (03:54):
And it's a very important thing because you know, I
think it's something that we developed as human are evolved
as humans in it's a great way if you're out there,
you know, foraging for food, before you put it in
your mouth, you want to make sure that it's not
going to harm you. So that's why you would smell
even before you taste. So's it's a very important part
of really survival and a lot of mammals depend on that,
(04:17):
that sense of smell. Dogs of course, have a very
strong sense of smell. It does it have to do
with the number of receptors that you have in your
in your nose to be able to pick things up?
How does it? Why do dogs have a stronger sense
than we do?
Speaker 3 (04:30):
Yeah, that's a really good question and there's there's no
simple answer to it. But certainly the number of receptors
is a big part of it. You know, we have
we have maybe five to ten million receptor cells in
our nasal cavities, so that's that's a lot, Like we
have a lot of neural power to detect smells, but
(04:50):
the dogs have like hundreds of millions, so they have
and they have these big, big snouts that are packed
with the receptor, so they have that, but they also
have other types of mechanisms. So for example, they have
on their nose they have temperature receptors, so when they
(05:13):
lick their nose, they can they can feel when it's
getting colder, that's where the wind is blowing from right,
so that helps them to track the where the smell
is coming from.
Speaker 2 (05:25):
If they smell something, they walk towards the wind.
Speaker 3 (05:28):
So they have all kinds of different mechanisms for smelling
and tracing a smell that we don't have.
Speaker 2 (05:37):
Obviously.
Speaker 1 (05:38):
This is Viewpoint Alabama on the Alabama Radio Network. You're
listening to Jonas Austen. He has written The Forgotten Sense,
The New Science of Smell, and Jonas, there's so much
that I wanted to explore about this because I got
me thinking as I read over the material for this
interview about all of the ways that smell changes the
(05:58):
way that we remembering, how it's tied to memories. There's
a lot of smells where when I smell it, it
takes me right back, especially like childhood. I'll smell something
as oh, that smells just like the floor cleaner they
used in my elementary school. Thing like that is I've
heard that it's tied directly to your memory. Is that true?
Speaker 2 (06:16):
Yeah, yeah, it is. So research has shown that, like
you exactly like you said, that.
Speaker 3 (06:22):
People have these autobiographical memories from childhood and they are
evoked by smells, but they are not evoked by other
types of stimuli. So other types of events such as
music that usually brings you back to your teenage years,
right or early adulthood. That's where the music that you
remember for the rest of your life, those events come
(06:44):
from a little bit later in life.
Speaker 2 (06:47):
But the smell takes you back to childhood.
Speaker 3 (06:50):
And we're not really certain why that is, but we
know that the sense of smell is fully developed.
Speaker 2 (06:57):
When we are born. We are born with a.
Speaker 3 (07:00):
Good sense of smell, and that the sense of smell
and our memory systems in the brain, they are very
strongly linked to each other. So we should be able
to encode new memories at a very early age, even
before the rest of the brain is fully developed.
Speaker 2 (07:19):
And maybe those.
Speaker 3 (07:20):
Memories are stored there so that we can retrieve them
even late.
Speaker 2 (07:25):
In life as we get older.
Speaker 3 (07:28):
So there is a lot of work that remains to
be done. These memories are called sometimes Prustian memories after
Marcel Proust and the famous kind of part of his
book In Search of Lost Time when he has a
medoline and a cup of tea and then the smell
kind of rekindles his childhood and that's kind of the
(07:50):
start of his great novel.
Speaker 1 (07:53):
Well, you brought up something interesting. You said, how you
did research on the sense of smell being used diagnostically
in diagnosed people with dementia. I'm wondering if it could
also be used with people with Alzheimer's disease, which takes
away memories or a lot of times people use loser
ability to remember things current, but they remember things from
long ago. I'm wondering if that has ever been used
(08:14):
in research with Alzheimer's patients.
Speaker 3 (08:18):
Yeah, there is, and Alzheimer's is the most common form
of dementia. It's it's a common cause of dementia, and
it damages memory and it also damages the ability to
tell smells apart from each other. So if you if
you have both of those at the same time, that's
a pretty good sign that there is something happening in
(08:39):
the brain that might you know, develop in the next
few years so that more and more brain.
Speaker 2 (08:46):
Functions will be compromised.
Speaker 3 (08:48):
So we were able to through a research collaboration that
was led by Harvard researchers, we were able to see
the exact kind of pathological development over time in a
large group of older people. It's a pathology called the
Tauel protein that is emerging from the memory centers of
the brain, encompassing the smell centers of the brain and
(09:09):
then kind of expanding from there.
Speaker 1 (09:12):
Jonas, let me ask you this, So does everything smell
the same to everybody? Because some people, you know, say
I like the smell, I hate this smell. Do people
perceive smells in different ways? You know, some people perceive
it like strong and strongly or not strongly. Maybe this
is a good smell, This is a bad smell? Does
that change? Is cultural? How is that different?
Speaker 2 (09:32):
Yeah?
Speaker 3 (09:32):
That's a really source of debate actually, and people have
a kind of an individual makeup. In the book, I
call it kind of a limited edition type of system
that different people have different sensory receptors that are turned
on and turned off, and that can lead us to
perceive smells a little bit differently. So for example, cilantro,
(09:58):
for example, has a you know, different flavor to different people.
Some people like it and some don't. And there are
many many examples like that. So yes, it is kind
of biological genetic in one way, but it's also cultural
that we can learn to appreciate smells that we previously.
Speaker 2 (10:17):
Didn't like so much. And and so.
Speaker 3 (10:19):
A lot of kind of cultural specific food smells, you know,
those are good examples of how culture plays a role
in what I'm trying. Like a case that I'm making
in the book is that the sense of smell is
really about how we mix what we are smelling with
(10:42):
our emotional states, with our memories, with what we see
and what we hear, So all of these things kind
of come together and shape how we interpret what.
Speaker 2 (10:53):
We are smelling. And that means that the sense of
smell is.
Speaker 3 (10:56):
Kind of trainable and we can we can relearn associations
to odors.
Speaker 1 (11:02):
Doctor Oliveson, I was just thinking about back in the
day when they first came out with color television set
and the idea of you marry is a sound with
the pictures, And then the next thing they said was,
well what about smell? What about smell a vision? Have
there ever been any advances where people have tried to
come up with the way to record and say play
back smells.
Speaker 3 (11:22):
Yeah, there's actually a lot of research being done right
now to actually do this specific thing and to digitize smells,
so to take smells in the environment and to pick
out the chemical the important chemical aspects. And this is
a really tough thing to do because the smells in
(11:46):
the environment are very complex. There might be hundreds of
different molecules or dozens, and they have different features, so
it's really hard to know what is it that makes
this smell, you know, so characteristic. But then when you
can figure that out, you have you can have artificial
intelligence kind of networks that can then compress this signal
(12:08):
and then you can transmit the signal. You can recreate
the smell elsewhere. And there's a lot of research right
now being done done on that, and I know Google
is forwarding this type of research and a lot of
universities as well, so a lot of things will happen
in a few years, I'm certain of that.
Speaker 1 (12:29):
Well, I can see how the sound the smell could
be encoded and then transmitted because then at that point
ones and zeros. But then to demodulate that, to actually
make that or to I guess they said, to modulate
it and actually create recreate it, you'd have to create molecules, right,
So unlike sound where a speaker vibrates the air, smell
is transmitted through the air, but it's actual molecules. So
(12:51):
are we talking about something that then somehow combines certain
molecules to make a smell exactly.
Speaker 3 (12:57):
Yeah, you would have to have some kind of hardware
that can store a number of different molecules, and those
molecules can be combined in a way that can produce
a lot of different smells basically, And that's I think
the hardest part of it, because the sense of smell
(13:17):
is not like you know, the color or you know,
you can have a few different basic colors and you
can just mix them and to create all the other colors.
Speaker 2 (13:24):
It's it's much more complicated than that.
Speaker 3 (13:26):
So a lot of research is being done on trying
to solve that problem.
Speaker 1 (13:33):
I imagine once they got it right, boy, there'll be
a lot of food commercials. People want to turn down
the smell volume on their TV. Sure, the Forgotten Sense,
the New science of smell and doctor Jonas Olsen, Doctor Olson.
Somebody asked me about this recently when I mentioned I
was going to do this interview, knows the concept of
nose blindness. In other words, your house. When you live
(13:54):
in a place for a long time, you your house
doesn't seem to have a smell. You think it smells
like nothing. You go away for a vacation for a
couple of weeks and you come back and all of
a sudden, Oh, I smell the fireplace, or I smell
whatever I cook for dinner a month ago. You smell
things that are there and you realize they were always there,
it's just your note. You become what they call nose blind,
where you can't smell it. How does that work? Is
(14:15):
that a mental thing or is that actually a nose thing?
Speaker 3 (14:18):
Yeah, that's a great question, and it's actually a bit
of both. So in research we have two different terms
for it. One is adaptation. That's when basically the nose
becomes tired to certain molecules. So that's when you can't
smell the things that you have been smelling for a
long time. So just that the receptors become tired and
(14:40):
then you might have to wait for a minute before
it gets up to up to speed again. But then
you have this other thing called habituation, and that's a
more kind of a phenomenon of the mind where you
dissociate from smells that you are immersed in. That's a
more let's say cognitive, a way to move away from
(15:04):
the things that are already known. It tells you something
about how why we have a sense of smell, right,
It's it's because we want to be able to detect
new things that might be harmful, but that might also
think that might be beneficial for us. Food sources, like
we when we walk down the street, we don't think
about what it smells like, but suddenly we walk past,
(15:28):
you know, and.
Speaker 2 (15:30):
Indian food shop.
Speaker 3 (15:32):
And you know, we're realize that we are very hungry
and this food is smells delicious. So those types of sensations.
That's that's why we have a sense of smell to
detect either dangerous smells in the environment or or food sources.
And to do that, the sensor smell is really aware
(15:53):
of changes. So so it's that's kind of the survival
value of smell is to detect changes in the environment.
Speaker 1 (16:01):
And that's one of the reasons why natural gas, which
naturally doesn't have a smell. I understand that the people
who they as they refine it, they add something to
it to give it a smell so that you are
aware if there's a gas lead, you can smell the
natural gas smell and know there's a problem rather than
just let your house fill with you know, odorless and
otherwise you know natural gas.
Speaker 2 (16:23):
Yeah, that's right.
Speaker 3 (16:24):
And people can can detect this odor at a very
low concentration, so less than one part per billion. So
that's how sensitive our noses are to certain smells. And
you know that most people are very capable of detecting
this this smell, and that's why it's so useful to
(16:44):
put in a natural.
Speaker 1 (16:45):
Gas doctor Olsen. If somebody loses their sense of smell,
are their programs where they can I don't know, regain it,
you know, retrain your nose so that you can smell again.
Speaker 2 (16:56):
Yes.
Speaker 3 (16:57):
So during the pandemic this became more popular popular thing,
and so people started smell training programs, and we created
one that was online so that people could do it
from anywhere, smelling their basically spices they have at home
(17:18):
in the spicy rack, and we can monitor their improvement
on a day to day basis. There is research showing
that people who lose their sense of smell, they recover
better if they do this on a daily basis for
three to four months at least, so it's not something
that happens very quickly, but they have an a significantly
(17:46):
improved odds of recovering their sense of smell. But it's
not a perfect treatment because it doesn't work for everyone,
and it's also quite time consuming, so it's I think
it works for some people. But ultimately I'm hoping that
medical science will create a cure that will help regain
(18:07):
these nerve cells that are lost in the nasal cavity
so that people can actually regrow their sense of smell,
and that that would be something that works for everyone
or most people.
Speaker 1 (18:19):
This has been a fascinating conversation doctor jonas Awsen, The
Forgotten Sense, the New Science of Smell. Thank you so
much for joining me today. I am Viewpoint Alabama.
Speaker 2 (18:27):
Thank you for having me.
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(18:54):
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(19:18):
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Speaker 1 (21:04):
And you're listening to Viewpoint Alabama on the Alabama Radio Network.
I'm job Mounts often mimicking a common cold respiratory c
essential virus known as RSV is a common respiratory virus
that can cause airway inflammation. And while RSV can affect anyone,
infants and young children are at the highest risk for
serious and life threatening illness due to their immature immune
(21:25):
system and smaller airwaves. So how can it be prevented?
Pediatric nurse practitioner expert Andrea Klein Tilford with a National
Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners joins us now. Andrea, welcome
to the show.
Speaker 6 (21:38):
Great, thank you so much for having me. I'm excited
to be here today.
Speaker 1 (21:41):
This is an important issue because there is a lot
of viruses going around right now, and a lot of
them kind of look the same. So how is RSV
different than the others?
Speaker 6 (21:51):
Right That's a great question, and you are absolutely correct.
There are so many viruses going around right now, and
it can be difficult to tell is it respiratories and
social virus or RSV or is it one of the
others that are circulating right now?
Speaker 2 (22:05):
Is it flu? Is it covid?
Speaker 6 (22:07):
Is it you know, any of the other respiratory viruses
and that we have that circulate, and so it can
be difficult at the start to tell, like which one
is it. They do have similar presenting symptoms, there are
a couple of things that can set it set them apart.
On respiratory and in social virus, like you said, is commonly
(22:30):
associated with the airway inflammation, and so that gives it
a little bit of a unique symptom compare to some
of the others. And so that's when the virus it
affects the upper respiratory track and then it can get
down into the lungs and cause that wheezing and cause
more respiratory to stress. And so that's one thing that
sets it apart from some of the other viruses. We
(22:50):
also see that the RSV typically ramps up for over
a few days, and they start with just a little
bit of a sniffle and then develop into more of
a cough and congestion running out and lots of secretions
are associated with RSV, so just that nose that just
runs and runs and runs. But there are definitely a
lot of similarities and testing is really the only way
(23:11):
that you can confirm the difference between the three because
they do have some overlapping symptoms.
Speaker 1 (23:16):
Now, it's a virus like many viruses, so there's not
a lot of ways to really treat it. The main
treatment is the best prevention. The best treatment is prevention really,
so it's a matter of keeping keeping your kids healthy.
But it's hard to do because well we all know
how kids are. They're wiping their heads and their nose
on their sleeve and then they're touching each other and
all that kind of stuff, and they're pretty much they're
(23:39):
virus factories. How do you keep your kids safe?
Speaker 6 (23:41):
Yeah, you know, well some of it goes back to
really those basics, and so hand washing, hand washing, you know,
over like really hand washing, not just dipping in the
water and dipping in the soap, but really but really
scrubbing your hands with soap and water, and it's going
to be one of the basics. That's a tool we've
(24:02):
had for a long time. So reinforcing that staying away
if your child is sick or you know, staying out
of staying out of daycare, if there are other people
that are ills, just keeping any small infants, young children
away from those individuals until they're well. And those those
have been some of the basic tools that we've had,
(24:24):
but we are fortunate that there have been some advances
and so that we do have a new RSC monoclonal
antibody on the serum MAB that is available for infants
that are eight months or younger that are born during
or at the start of RSB seasons, and this is
anticipated to reduce severe RSV infection by eighty percent, which
(24:48):
is so significant because there are so many children hospitalized
with RSV every year eighty thousand hospitalization and children less
than five years of age, so that is a huge amount.
We also know that about two thirds of infants before
their first birthday do get infected with RSV, so it
(25:10):
is everywhere. So anything that we can do to reduce
their severe infection is a tool that we should use.
Another option that we have for prevention is for pregnant
women to be immunized with the RSV vaccine between weeks
thirty two and thirty six. So what happens then if
(25:31):
the mother receives the vaccine, they transmit the antibodies to
the baby. The baby is born with protection against severe
RSB disease. And so these are some of the newer
tools that we have and should also be used, you know,
with common sense of hand washing and keeping small babies
and infants away from other people that are ill.
Speaker 1 (25:51):
And in addition to the hand washing, is it helpful
to wipe down services? How long can RSV live on
just a cold, dry surface.
Speaker 6 (25:59):
Wow, you brought up a really important point. Yes, it
can live on surfaces, particularly hard surfaces, for hours. It's
so they absolutely should be washed down. It doesn't last
as long on some surfaces, let's say close, but but
those harder surfaces it can last for quite some time.
And so anytime that there's concerned that someone who's been
(26:21):
ill has been in contact with it, the best way
is to wipe it down because yeah, someone can touch
it with their hand, touch their hand to their eyes,
their nose, their mouths, and they can inoculate themselves with
with RSV.
Speaker 1 (26:34):
Is RSV one of those viruses where once you've had it,
you've had it, or does it mutate such that you
could get it again.
Speaker 6 (26:41):
Yeah, it is something that we are reinfected with throughout
our lifetime and typically as you are, you know, out
of that young infant childhood period of time, it generally
is just more of a nuisance with a little bit
of running nose and a cough and you know, still
can laugh. RSV can last for a couple of weeks,
(27:02):
so that cough can to linger for quite some time.
That's associated with RSV. And then again it is individuals
age that could be another time for risk for severe
RSB too. So really at the ends of the age
spectrum are when we're most worried about RSV, but absolutely
reinfected throughout the lifetime with RSV, so it's not a
(27:26):
one and done, it's continue to be exposed and get
illness from RSV.
Speaker 1 (27:33):
You're listening to Viewpoint Alabama on the Alabama Radio Network.
My name is John Mountino speaking with Andrea Klin Tilford
with the National Association of Pediatric nurse practitioners, Andrea, we've
been talking about RSV, but it's just one of many
viruses out there competing. I understand they're calling what we
are facing now quademic because we're looking at RSV, we've
(27:53):
also got flu out there. Covid is still out there,
and we've also got the neurovirus out there. So we've
got a lot of things out there sort of all
competing at once for you to get sick with, and
you can get all of them at once. Can you
get vaccinated for everything at once?
Speaker 6 (28:08):
Well, certainly for RSV, for COVID, those vaccines in the
neuro virus we don't have a vac readily available vaccine for,
but flu, COVID, RSV all can all those vaccines can
be given at the same time. And it is best
(28:28):
to at the point of being immunized getting to that
appointment getting all of the vaccines that anyone is due
for at that time, go ahead and get them all
at the same time. Get it done more that's going
to get them in and decrease the risk of someone
not coming back later and thinking, well, you know, I'll
(28:50):
come back in a couple of weeks and get get flu.
Because I didn't get it today, so just get them
all done at the same time.
Speaker 1 (28:57):
Are you supposed to alternate the injection sites?
Speaker 6 (29:00):
So yeah, there are some specifics on exactly about immunizations,
where they should be given, and how many can be
given in a certain arm or leg. And we do
have some of those resources and information on our website
for the National Association of Pediatric Nurspractitioners at NAPA dot org.
Speaker 1 (29:18):
And so I would recommend anyone who wants to find
out more visit that website.
Speaker 2 (29:22):
What was it again, It is www.
Speaker 6 (29:25):
NAPNAP dot org or www nap NAP dot org.
Speaker 1 (29:30):
That's kind of easy, remember Andreyetteklientilford, thank you so much
for joining me this week on Viewpoint Alabama.
Speaker 6 (29:36):
Absolutely, thanks so much, John.
Speaker 4 (29:37):
You've been listening to Viewpoint Alabama, a public affairs program
from the Alabama Radio Network. The opinions expressed on Viewpoint
Alabama are not necessarily those of the staff, management, or
advertisers of this station.
It's considered by some as the forgotten sense, your sense
of smell. This is Viewpoint Alabama on the Alabama Radio
Network and I'm John Mounts and today I have an
eye opening of perhaps i should say knows opening conversation
about your sense of smell. And joining me now is
Jonas Olfsen, a professor of psychology at Stockholm University, where
he directs the Sensory Cognitive Interaction Lab. He conducted research
(00:24):
at New York University of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Scripts
Research Institute, and he recently wrote The Forgotten Sense The
New Sense of Smell. Jonas, Welcome to Viewpoint.
Speaker 2 (00:34):
Thanks so much for having me.
Speaker 1 (00:35):
All right, Jonas, right out of the gate. Why have
you dedicated so much of your career to the study
of the science behind smell.
Speaker 3 (00:43):
Yeah, it started when I was in college and I
was working at a nursing home actually, and I was
working with people with dementia, and I learned that the
censor smell could be an early marker to actually give
a sign that the CIA is.
Speaker 2 (01:02):
Coming forward in the brain.
Speaker 3 (01:04):
And that people might get a dimension diagnosis. So that's
why I started doing this research. To begin with, I
wanted to help diagnose people at an early stage by
studying their sense of smell, and that's been an ongoing
theme in my work for the last twenty years. But
the sense of smell is fascinating in so many ways,
(01:26):
so I have sort of expanded my view of this
sense and there are so many different features and so
much is happening in the field. So it's a really
exciting research field that has to do with our relationship
to food, our relationship to other people, our emotional well being.
There's fascinating links to the brain and dementia. Like I said,
(01:49):
there's just so much stuff going on when it comes
to the sense of smell, and people are often quite
unaware of it.
Speaker 2 (01:55):
So I think that's really really.
Speaker 3 (01:58):
Important to talk more about, especially after the pandemic when
so many people lost their sense of smell.
Speaker 1 (02:04):
That's what I was going to bring up is that
was the last time I remember sense of smell being
coming up as a dignostic thing, because I had it
was one of the earlier variants of COVID. I went
through that when and I lost my sense of smell
for about a day. And it's interesting because you don't
realize you don't realize you don't have it until it's gone.
It's so often it's I guess overlooked. But it does
(02:24):
change the way you live life, doesn't it.
Speaker 2 (02:27):
Yeah, yeah, exactly.
Speaker 3 (02:28):
And many people describe it as they don't feel immersed
in reality anymore. They feel like they're watching the world
kind of go by on a screen or something like that.
They don't feel like they are really fully part of
the world, and that's why a lot of them become depressed.
So that's one of the one of the risks of
losing your sense of smell is that you have a
(02:49):
higher risk of getting depressed, and that's a really serious issue.
So the sense of smell kind of makes us feel
more alive, but we don't really realize it if we
don't think about it.
Speaker 1 (03:01):
And that's one of those things that your sense of
smell is also tied to your sense of taste. So
if you lose your ability to smell, you also lose
in large part your ability to taste, right.
Speaker 2 (03:13):
Yeah, that's right.
Speaker 3 (03:14):
It's actually the way it works is that when we
have food and drinks in our in our mouths.
Speaker 2 (03:20):
We uh this These aromas go up.
Speaker 3 (03:24):
To the nasal cavity through our throats basically and out
through the nose. So this is called retro nasal smelling.
But we don't think of it as being a smell.
We think of it as being a taste, but it's
actually a smell.
Speaker 2 (03:38):
So when we talk about tastes, that's really.
Speaker 3 (03:42):
The smells we are talking about most of the time.
So that's maybe one of the reasons why the sense
of smell is undervalued.
Speaker 2 (03:51):
We talk about tastes since that.
Speaker 1 (03:54):
And it's a very important thing because you know, I
think it's something that we developed as human are evolved
as humans in it's a great way if you're out there,
you know, foraging for food, before you put it in
your mouth, you want to make sure that it's not
going to harm you. So that's why you would smell
even before you taste. So's it's a very important part
of really survival and a lot of mammals depend on that,
(04:17):
that sense of smell. Dogs of course, have a very
strong sense of smell. It does it have to do
with the number of receptors that you have in your
in your nose to be able to pick things up?
How does it? Why do dogs have a stronger sense
than we do?
Speaker 3 (04:30):
Yeah, that's a really good question and there's there's no
simple answer to it. But certainly the number of receptors
is a big part of it. You know, we have
we have maybe five to ten million receptor cells in
our nasal cavities, so that's that's a lot, Like we
have a lot of neural power to detect smells, but
(04:50):
the dogs have like hundreds of millions, so they have
and they have these big, big snouts that are packed
with the receptor, so they have that, but they also
have other types of mechanisms. So for example, they have
on their nose they have temperature receptors, so when they
(05:13):
lick their nose, they can they can feel when it's
getting colder, that's where the wind is blowing from right,
so that helps them to track the where the smell
is coming from.
Speaker 2 (05:25):
If they smell something, they walk towards the wind.
Speaker 3 (05:28):
So they have all kinds of different mechanisms for smelling
and tracing a smell that we don't have.
Speaker 2 (05:37):
Obviously.
Speaker 1 (05:38):
This is Viewpoint Alabama on the Alabama Radio Network. You're
listening to Jonas Austen. He has written The Forgotten Sense,
The New Science of Smell, and Jonas, there's so much
that I wanted to explore about this because I got
me thinking as I read over the material for this
interview about all of the ways that smell changes the
(05:58):
way that we remembering, how it's tied to memories. There's
a lot of smells where when I smell it, it
takes me right back, especially like childhood. I'll smell something
as oh, that smells just like the floor cleaner they
used in my elementary school. Thing like that is I've
heard that it's tied directly to your memory. Is that true?
Speaker 2 (06:16):
Yeah, yeah, it is. So research has shown that, like
you exactly like you said, that.
Speaker 3 (06:22):
People have these autobiographical memories from childhood and they are
evoked by smells, but they are not evoked by other
types of stimuli. So other types of events such as
music that usually brings you back to your teenage years,
right or early adulthood. That's where the music that you
remember for the rest of your life, those events come
(06:44):
from a little bit later in life.
Speaker 2 (06:47):
But the smell takes you back to childhood.
Speaker 3 (06:50):
And we're not really certain why that is, but we
know that the sense of smell is fully developed.
Speaker 2 (06:57):
When we are born. We are born with a.
Speaker 3 (07:00):
Good sense of smell, and that the sense of smell
and our memory systems in the brain, they are very
strongly linked to each other. So we should be able
to encode new memories at a very early age, even
before the rest of the brain is fully developed.
Speaker 2 (07:19):
And maybe those.
Speaker 3 (07:20):
Memories are stored there so that we can retrieve them
even late.
Speaker 2 (07:25):
In life as we get older.
Speaker 3 (07:28):
So there is a lot of work that remains to
be done. These memories are called sometimes Prustian memories after
Marcel Proust and the famous kind of part of his
book In Search of Lost Time when he has a
medoline and a cup of tea and then the smell
kind of rekindles his childhood and that's kind of the
(07:50):
start of his great novel.
Speaker 1 (07:53):
Well, you brought up something interesting. You said, how you
did research on the sense of smell being used diagnostically
in diagnosed people with dementia. I'm wondering if it could
also be used with people with Alzheimer's disease, which takes
away memories or a lot of times people use loser
ability to remember things current, but they remember things from
long ago. I'm wondering if that has ever been used
(08:14):
in research with Alzheimer's patients.
Speaker 3 (08:18):
Yeah, there is, and Alzheimer's is the most common form
of dementia. It's it's a common cause of dementia, and
it damages memory and it also damages the ability to
tell smells apart from each other. So if you if
you have both of those at the same time, that's
a pretty good sign that there is something happening in
(08:39):
the brain that might you know, develop in the next
few years so that more and more brain.
Speaker 2 (08:46):
Functions will be compromised.
Speaker 3 (08:48):
So we were able to through a research collaboration that
was led by Harvard researchers, we were able to see
the exact kind of pathological development over time in a
large group of older people. It's a pathology called the
Tauel protein that is emerging from the memory centers of
the brain, encompassing the smell centers of the brain and
(09:09):
then kind of expanding from there.
Speaker 1 (09:12):
Jonas, let me ask you this, So does everything smell
the same to everybody? Because some people, you know, say
I like the smell, I hate this smell. Do people
perceive smells in different ways? You know, some people perceive
it like strong and strongly or not strongly. Maybe this
is a good smell, This is a bad smell? Does
that change? Is cultural? How is that different?
Speaker 2 (09:32):
Yeah?
Speaker 3 (09:32):
That's a really source of debate actually, and people have
a kind of an individual makeup. In the book, I
call it kind of a limited edition type of system
that different people have different sensory receptors that are turned
on and turned off, and that can lead us to
perceive smells a little bit differently. So for example, cilantro,
(09:58):
for example, has a you know, different flavor to different people.
Some people like it and some don't. And there are
many many examples like that. So yes, it is kind
of biological genetic in one way, but it's also cultural
that we can learn to appreciate smells that we previously.
Speaker 2 (10:17):
Didn't like so much. And and so.
Speaker 3 (10:19):
A lot of kind of cultural specific food smells, you know,
those are good examples of how culture plays a role
in what I'm trying. Like a case that I'm making
in the book is that the sense of smell is
really about how we mix what we are smelling with
(10:42):
our emotional states, with our memories, with what we see
and what we hear, So all of these things kind
of come together and shape how we interpret what.
Speaker 2 (10:53):
We are smelling. And that means that the sense of
smell is.
Speaker 3 (10:56):
Kind of trainable and we can we can relearn associations
to odors.
Speaker 1 (11:02):
Doctor Oliveson, I was just thinking about back in the
day when they first came out with color television set
and the idea of you marry is a sound with
the pictures, And then the next thing they said was,
well what about smell? What about smell a vision? Have
there ever been any advances where people have tried to
come up with the way to record and say play
back smells.
Speaker 3 (11:22):
Yeah, there's actually a lot of research being done right
now to actually do this specific thing and to digitize smells,
so to take smells in the environment and to pick
out the chemical the important chemical aspects. And this is
a really tough thing to do because the smells in
(11:46):
the environment are very complex. There might be hundreds of
different molecules or dozens, and they have different features, so
it's really hard to know what is it that makes
this smell, you know, so characteristic. But then when you
can figure that out, you have you can have artificial
intelligence kind of networks that can then compress this signal
(12:08):
and then you can transmit the signal. You can recreate
the smell elsewhere. And there's a lot of research right
now being done done on that, and I know Google
is forwarding this type of research and a lot of
universities as well, so a lot of things will happen
in a few years, I'm certain of that.
Speaker 1 (12:29):
Well, I can see how the sound the smell could
be encoded and then transmitted because then at that point
ones and zeros. But then to demodulate that, to actually
make that or to I guess they said, to modulate
it and actually create recreate it, you'd have to create molecules, right,
So unlike sound where a speaker vibrates the air, smell
is transmitted through the air, but it's actual molecules. So
(12:51):
are we talking about something that then somehow combines certain
molecules to make a smell exactly.
Speaker 3 (12:57):
Yeah, you would have to have some kind of hardware
that can store a number of different molecules, and those
molecules can be combined in a way that can produce
a lot of different smells basically, And that's I think
the hardest part of it, because the sense of smell
(13:17):
is not like you know, the color or you know,
you can have a few different basic colors and you
can just mix them and to create all the other colors.
Speaker 2 (13:24):
It's it's much more complicated than that.
Speaker 3 (13:26):
So a lot of research is being done on trying
to solve that problem.
Speaker 1 (13:33):
I imagine once they got it right, boy, there'll be
a lot of food commercials. People want to turn down
the smell volume on their TV. Sure, the Forgotten Sense,
the New science of smell and doctor Jonas Olsen, Doctor Olson.
Somebody asked me about this recently when I mentioned I
was going to do this interview, knows the concept of
nose blindness. In other words, your house. When you live
(13:54):
in a place for a long time, you your house
doesn't seem to have a smell. You think it smells
like nothing. You go away for a vacation for a
couple of weeks and you come back and all of
a sudden, Oh, I smell the fireplace, or I smell
whatever I cook for dinner a month ago. You smell
things that are there and you realize they were always there,
it's just your note. You become what they call nose blind,
where you can't smell it. How does that work? Is
(14:15):
that a mental thing or is that actually a nose thing?
Speaker 3 (14:18):
Yeah, that's a great question, and it's actually a bit
of both. So in research we have two different terms
for it. One is adaptation. That's when basically the nose
becomes tired to certain molecules. So that's when you can't
smell the things that you have been smelling for a
long time. So just that the receptors become tired and
(14:40):
then you might have to wait for a minute before
it gets up to up to speed again. But then
you have this other thing called habituation, and that's a
more kind of a phenomenon of the mind where you
dissociate from smells that you are immersed in. That's a
more let's say cognitive, a way to move away from
(15:04):
the things that are already known. It tells you something
about how why we have a sense of smell, right,
It's it's because we want to be able to detect
new things that might be harmful, but that might also
think that might be beneficial for us. Food sources, like
we when we walk down the street, we don't think
about what it smells like, but suddenly we walk past,
(15:28):
you know, and.
Speaker 2 (15:30):
Indian food shop.
Speaker 3 (15:32):
And you know, we're realize that we are very hungry
and this food is smells delicious. So those types of sensations.
That's that's why we have a sense of smell to
detect either dangerous smells in the environment or or food sources.
And to do that, the sensor smell is really aware
(15:53):
of changes. So so it's that's kind of the survival
value of smell is to detect changes in the environment.
Speaker 1 (16:01):
And that's one of the reasons why natural gas, which
naturally doesn't have a smell. I understand that the people
who they as they refine it, they add something to
it to give it a smell so that you are
aware if there's a gas lead, you can smell the
natural gas smell and know there's a problem rather than
just let your house fill with you know, odorless and
otherwise you know natural gas.
Speaker 2 (16:23):
Yeah, that's right.
Speaker 3 (16:24):
And people can can detect this odor at a very
low concentration, so less than one part per billion. So
that's how sensitive our noses are to certain smells. And
you know that most people are very capable of detecting
this this smell, and that's why it's so useful to
(16:44):
put in a natural.
Speaker 1 (16:45):
Gas doctor Olsen. If somebody loses their sense of smell,
are their programs where they can I don't know, regain it,
you know, retrain your nose so that you can smell again.
Speaker 2 (16:56):
Yes.
Speaker 3 (16:57):
So during the pandemic this became more popular popular thing,
and so people started smell training programs, and we created
one that was online so that people could do it
from anywhere, smelling their basically spices they have at home
(17:18):
in the spicy rack, and we can monitor their improvement
on a day to day basis. There is research showing
that people who lose their sense of smell, they recover
better if they do this on a daily basis for
three to four months at least, so it's not something
that happens very quickly, but they have an a significantly
(17:46):
improved odds of recovering their sense of smell. But it's
not a perfect treatment because it doesn't work for everyone,
and it's also quite time consuming, so it's I think
it works for some people. But ultimately I'm hoping that
medical science will create a cure that will help regain
(18:07):
these nerve cells that are lost in the nasal cavity
so that people can actually regrow their sense of smell,
and that that would be something that works for everyone
or most people.
Speaker 1 (18:19):
This has been a fascinating conversation doctor jonas Awsen, The
Forgotten Sense, the New Science of Smell. Thank you so
much for joining me today. I am Viewpoint Alabama.
Speaker 2 (18:27):
Thank you for having me.
Speaker 4 (18:28):
You're listening to Viewpoint Alabama, a public affairs program from
the Alabama Radio Network.
Speaker 5 (18:33):
About one in six men will be diagnosed with prostate
cancer during his lifetime, and you are someone you love
could be one of them. Hello, this is State Health
Officer doctor Don Williamson. While some men with prostate cancer
experience changes in urinary or sexual function, it's important to
remember that many cases are first detected by doctor during
a routine check up. If you're fifty years of age
(18:54):
or old, or ask your family physician about a prostate
cancer screening during your annual physical. Men higher risk for
prostate cancer encourage to begin testing at age forty five,
and if you experience any symptoms, you should contact your
physician as soon as possible. Regardless of age, screening saves lives,
and many county health departments in Alabama will be offering
free prostate cancer screenings throughout the year. For more details,
(19:18):
call the county health department nearest to you, or visit
our website. At ADPH dot org two c if free
screenings are offered in your county. Again, that's ADPH dot org.
Speaker 6 (19:28):
This message brought to you by the Alabama Department of
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Speaker 7 (19:31):
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Speaker 8 (20:01):
It's Thursday night and you're grabbing drinks with some friends.
Started off with a pitcher for the table, which quickly
becomes two. There's pool, and there's the photo booths. All right,
everybody squeeze in se cheese, followed naturally by an order
of wings and another.
Speaker 6 (20:21):
Can we get some extra rare sauce?
Speaker 8 (20:24):
Then there's the ceremonial nightcat.
Speaker 1 (20:26):
So what are we doing this weekend?
Speaker 8 (20:29):
And lastly it's back to the car, which if you're
buzzed could be the most expensive night of your life.
Getting pulled over for buzz driving could cost you around
ten thousand dollars in fines, legal fees, and increased insurance rates.
(20:51):
Nothing kills a buzz like getting pulled over for buzz driving,
because buzz driving is drunk driving. Brought to you by
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Speaker 1 (21:04):
And you're listening to Viewpoint Alabama on the Alabama Radio Network.
I'm job Mounts often mimicking a common cold respiratory c
essential virus known as RSV is a common respiratory virus
that can cause airway inflammation. And while RSV can affect anyone,
infants and young children are at the highest risk for
serious and life threatening illness due to their immature immune
(21:25):
system and smaller airwaves. So how can it be prevented?
Pediatric nurse practitioner expert Andrea Klein Tilford with a National
Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners joins us now. Andrea, welcome
to the show.
Speaker 6 (21:38):
Great, thank you so much for having me. I'm excited
to be here today.
Speaker 1 (21:41):
This is an important issue because there is a lot
of viruses going around right now, and a lot of
them kind of look the same. So how is RSV
different than the others?
Speaker 6 (21:51):
Right That's a great question, and you are absolutely correct.
There are so many viruses going around right now, and
it can be difficult to tell is it respiratories and
social virus or RSV or is it one of the
others that are circulating right now?
Speaker 2 (22:05):
Is it flu? Is it covid?
Speaker 6 (22:07):
Is it you know, any of the other respiratory viruses
and that we have that circulate, and so it can
be difficult at the start to tell, like which one
is it. They do have similar presenting symptoms, there are
a couple of things that can set it set them apart.
On respiratory and in social virus, like you said, is commonly
(22:30):
associated with the airway inflammation, and so that gives it
a little bit of a unique symptom compare to some
of the others. And so that's when the virus it
affects the upper respiratory track and then it can get
down into the lungs and cause that wheezing and cause
more respiratory to stress. And so that's one thing that
sets it apart from some of the other viruses. We
(22:50):
also see that the RSV typically ramps up for over
a few days, and they start with just a little
bit of a sniffle and then develop into more of
a cough and congestion running out and lots of secretions
are associated with RSV, so just that nose that just
runs and runs and runs. But there are definitely a
lot of similarities and testing is really the only way
(23:11):
that you can confirm the difference between the three because
they do have some overlapping symptoms.
Speaker 1 (23:16):
Now, it's a virus like many viruses, so there's not
a lot of ways to really treat it. The main
treatment is the best prevention. The best treatment is prevention really,
so it's a matter of keeping keeping your kids healthy.
But it's hard to do because well we all know
how kids are. They're wiping their heads and their nose
on their sleeve and then they're touching each other and
all that kind of stuff, and they're pretty much they're
(23:39):
virus factories. How do you keep your kids safe?
Speaker 6 (23:41):
Yeah, you know, well some of it goes back to
really those basics, and so hand washing, hand washing, you know,
over like really hand washing, not just dipping in the
water and dipping in the soap, but really but really
scrubbing your hands with soap and water, and it's going
to be one of the basics. That's a tool we've
(24:02):
had for a long time. So reinforcing that staying away
if your child is sick or you know, staying out
of staying out of daycare, if there are other people
that are ills, just keeping any small infants, young children
away from those individuals until they're well. And those those
have been some of the basic tools that we've had,
(24:24):
but we are fortunate that there have been some advances
and so that we do have a new RSC monoclonal
antibody on the serum MAB that is available for infants
that are eight months or younger that are born during
or at the start of RSB seasons, and this is
anticipated to reduce severe RSV infection by eighty percent, which
(24:48):
is so significant because there are so many children hospitalized
with RSV every year eighty thousand hospitalization and children less
than five years of age, so that is a huge amount.
We also know that about two thirds of infants before
their first birthday do get infected with RSV, so it
(25:10):
is everywhere. So anything that we can do to reduce
their severe infection is a tool that we should use.
Another option that we have for prevention is for pregnant
women to be immunized with the RSV vaccine between weeks
thirty two and thirty six. So what happens then if
(25:31):
the mother receives the vaccine, they transmit the antibodies to
the baby. The baby is born with protection against severe
RSB disease. And so these are some of the newer
tools that we have and should also be used, you know,
with common sense of hand washing and keeping small babies
and infants away from other people that are ill.
Speaker 1 (25:51):
And in addition to the hand washing, is it helpful
to wipe down services? How long can RSV live on
just a cold, dry surface.
Speaker 6 (25:59):
Wow, you brought up a really important point. Yes, it
can live on surfaces, particularly hard surfaces, for hours. It's
so they absolutely should be washed down. It doesn't last
as long on some surfaces, let's say close, but but
those harder surfaces it can last for quite some time.
And so anytime that there's concerned that someone who's been
(26:21):
ill has been in contact with it, the best way
is to wipe it down because yeah, someone can touch
it with their hand, touch their hand to their eyes,
their nose, their mouths, and they can inoculate themselves with
with RSV.
Speaker 1 (26:34):
Is RSV one of those viruses where once you've had it,
you've had it, or does it mutate such that you
could get it again.
Speaker 6 (26:41):
Yeah, it is something that we are reinfected with throughout
our lifetime and typically as you are, you know, out
of that young infant childhood period of time, it generally
is just more of a nuisance with a little bit
of running nose and a cough and you know, still
can laugh. RSV can last for a couple of weeks,
(27:02):
so that cough can to linger for quite some time.
That's associated with RSV. And then again it is individuals
age that could be another time for risk for severe
RSB too. So really at the ends of the age
spectrum are when we're most worried about RSV, but absolutely
reinfected throughout the lifetime with RSV, so it's not a
(27:26):
one and done, it's continue to be exposed and get
illness from RSV.
Speaker 1 (27:33):
You're listening to Viewpoint Alabama on the Alabama Radio Network.
My name is John Mountino speaking with Andrea Klin Tilford
with the National Association of Pediatric nurse practitioners, Andrea, we've
been talking about RSV, but it's just one of many
viruses out there competing. I understand they're calling what we
are facing now quademic because we're looking at RSV, we've
(27:53):
also got flu out there. Covid is still out there,
and we've also got the neurovirus out there. So we've
got a lot of things out there sort of all
competing at once for you to get sick with, and
you can get all of them at once. Can you
get vaccinated for everything at once?
Speaker 6 (28:08):
Well, certainly for RSV, for COVID, those vaccines in the
neuro virus we don't have a vac readily available vaccine for,
but flu, COVID, RSV all can all those vaccines can
be given at the same time. And it is best
(28:28):
to at the point of being immunized getting to that
appointment getting all of the vaccines that anyone is due
for at that time, go ahead and get them all
at the same time. Get it done more that's going
to get them in and decrease the risk of someone
not coming back later and thinking, well, you know, I'll
(28:50):
come back in a couple of weeks and get get flu.
Because I didn't get it today, so just get them
all done at the same time.
Speaker 1 (28:57):
Are you supposed to alternate the injection sites?
Speaker 6 (29:00):
So yeah, there are some specifics on exactly about immunizations,
where they should be given, and how many can be
given in a certain arm or leg. And we do
have some of those resources and information on our website
for the National Association of Pediatric Nurspractitioners at NAPA dot org.
Speaker 1 (29:18):
And so I would recommend anyone who wants to find
out more visit that website.
Speaker 2 (29:22):
What was it again, It is www.
Speaker 6 (29:25):
NAPNAP dot org or www nap NAP dot org.
Speaker 1 (29:30):
That's kind of easy, remember Andreyetteklientilford, thank you so much
for joining me this week on Viewpoint Alabama.
Speaker 6 (29:36):
Absolutely, thanks so much, John.
Speaker 4 (29:37):
You've been listening to Viewpoint Alabama, a public affairs program
from the Alabama Radio Network. The opinions expressed on Viewpoint
Alabama are not necessarily those of the staff, management, or
advertisers of this station.
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